The Clash of Civilization (Samuel Huntington Article...

The article titled the Clash of Civilization written by Samuel Huntington tries to analyze the world after the cold war. Huntington in his thesis clearly states that the new era of world politics will not be based on conflicts occurring due to ideological or economic clashes amongst states, but rather the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Huntington proposes that instead of classifying countries into first, second or third worlds, one should classify countries in terms of their civilization. He defines one as the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have. Characterization of civilization can be seen through language and religion, but the issue arises that people ultimately†¦show more content†¦4. Even though the west have never been more powerful in both cultural and economic influence, non-western civilizations have been promoting indigenization. 5. It is easier to change economic and political differences then to change cultural ones, because religion makes a sharp distinction between who you are? 6. regional trade has increased among similar cultures and floundered among dissimilar ones. A classic example of this notion is how Japan has not been able to be very successful in bringing together other east Asian countries due to its different culture, while the common culture between China and other East Asian countries has managed to expand regional trade amongst them. Hence, Huntington proclaims that the clash of civilization will occur at two levels, at the micro level conflicts will occur along civilizational borders, while at the macro level conflicts will happen where power and ideology will be in question. Huntington notes that the dominance of the west through its power and influence will be predominantly to preserve their status and to be able to confront non-western civilizations when their position is threatened. He then predicts that conflicts between the west and the rest is primarily going to be on the cultural or power differences. He believes that non-western civilizations have three choices, either to isolate andShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Was Easy : Capitalism Vs. Communism1402 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal Civilization.† Although he stated that, â€Å"you need to start with a certain kind of sensibility† he admitted, â€Å"I have no unifying theory of things† as well as, â€Å"I am not going to attempt to define this civilization.† Not accepting Naipaul’s theory that, â€Å"in general, the cultural coming together of humanity and the increasing acceptance of common values, beliefs, orientations, practices and institutions by peoples th roughout the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  would create this â€Å"Universal Civilization,† Samuel P. 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Aviation Information Technology Free Essays

Technological progress has been going on in the sector of Aviation from time to time. Since the 1980s, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been transforming tourism globally. This essay will be looking into the matter how ICT in the aviation industry has changed the way costumers book their flight through internet, by looking at various sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Aviation Information Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The other issue the essay would be focusing at is what customers demand from the websites of the airlines to help make their work easier by helping them to find the right thing for them. The development of the ICT specially the internet has empowered the consumers and is giving them an exceptional value for money and time (Twenty years on and 10 years after the Internet: The state of eTourism research, 2008). Where internet is helping consumers to save their time on the same time internet is helping the companies to reduce their costs’. Consumers are now able book their paperless tickets online. The fares have been reduced as there are no agents wanting their commission. Sometimes consumers also get financial incentives for self-booking online (eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry,buhalis,2004). No-frills airlines are using their web sites to attract and communicate directly with consumers (E. Jorgensen, Southwest Airlines: Success Story). This enables them to bypass travel agencies and their commissions. In 2003, both Easyjet and Ryanair achieved more than 92% of their bookings through their web sites, whilst Southwest sold 50% of its tickets on its web site (eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry). Researching the information is a very significant part of a decision process which has revolutionized by the internet. The more the consumer researches about trip, the more information he has, which eventually helps him deciding the best for him. ICT does not only reduce uncertainty and perceived risks but also enhance the quality of trips (Fodness Murray, 1997). A well informed consumer is able to interact much better with local people, resources and cultures, to find the services and products that meet his requirement and to take advantage of the reduced prices and special offers(Twenty years on and 10 years after the Internet: The state of eTourism research, Dimitrios Buhalis, Rob Law,2008). Global Distribution System (GDS) is a computer reservation system, typically owned jointly by airlines in different countries, that includes reservation databases of suppliers in many countries. Abbreviated GDS. This term has largely replaced â€Å"computerized reservation system (CRS)† as the term of choice within the industry (www. hotel-online. com). Customer’s loyalty towards an airline has become more important and more threatened as a result of heightened competition because of the number of the number of airlines in the industry. Moreover, the increase in competition has increased the cost of loyalty programs that provide a wide variety of benefits to loyal customers or to keep existing customers from moving to other airlines, such as free or discounted tickets, upgrades to premium cabins, separate reservation telephone numbers and check in counters at airports, use of airport lounges, special boarding priority or seating preferences. In order to meet customer expectations, airlines need to track not only the value provided and received from these loyalty benefits but also the costs of providing such benefits. Internet is one of the most influential things that have changed consumers’ behavior. Internet enables the consumers to interact directly with the airline or the suppliers reducing the role of intermediaries. Today consumers want a dynamic package rather than selected few holiday packages, and internet has made this possible by allowing the consumers going directly to the company they want to deal with to customize their products. The internet has been already been influencing the markets of developing countries like China and India by allowing customers to be dynamic. Moving to the choice for the consumers, internet has given consumers a lot of options and choices. Consumers can now look through number of companies who they might want to go with. They can choose from a single journey to a whole customized holiday package. No-Frills airline like ryanair and easyjet focus only on their websites cutting all the unnecessary costs and allowing the customers to book their flights or packages on very low prices. Personal Information is something which a person is very careful about. But, increasingly consumers are willing to provide their personal information in exchange of better services and products that they want. Complain is another very significant issue for a company, in order to provide a way for the customers to provide a feedback and give a complaint, airline companies have a different section on their websites to handle the complains so that there is a proper channel of communication between management and unsatisfied customers. With numerous advantages of the airline websites, comes many problems as it is a computer based system. A computer system can crash any moment which can cause the airline huge losses. A report by Akamai and Jupiter Research has shown that 28% of online shoppers will not wait longer than four seconds for a web page to load before leaving3. Looking at broadband Internet users alone, the number is even higher. A full one third of those abandon a web page if it takes longer than four seconds to load. Needless to say, if a site is down, 100% of the site visitors are turned away. It’s the equivalent of lock ¬ing the door to the store(press. and1. co. uk). Airlines also try to earn more revenue by unfair means. Ryanair has several different hidden costs which increases the cost of a return flight by treble even though it is a low cost airline. ?20 per person per round trip to check in at desk with hand luggage. ?30 / ? 40 per bag per round trip to check in a suitcase with online check in. ?60 per bag per round trip to check in ski or sports equipment. ?10 per person per round trip to pay with cards except an Electron Card. Many sites had multiple problems. The overall trends of problems within the sector are like misleading pricing has emerged as the biggest problem, found in 58% of the sites, irregularities related to contract terms were found in 49% of those sites (missing or wrong language version, and pre-checked boxes for optional services). Problems in which the advertised offers were missing appeared to be in 15% of the sites (europa. eu) This essay has looked into the matter of the role played by internet and the airline websites which help consumers to decide what they want as their option for a single service or a group of services. Internet also provides a consumer a wide range of options as they can go through everything they want to and they want to know about. Consumers can give their personal details to the websites if they are sure that they will get the maximum from the airlines. Internet has been very successful in changing the demands of the consumers, by letting them research about what they want and the airline companies giving them an option to be dynamic. But, there are some problems too with the websites like hidden costs in them or the crashing of the websites. Till now internet has mostly helped and will be always helping the aviation industry. References: europa. eu, 6/11/2009 eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry,buhalis,2004 E. Jorgensen, Southwest Airlines: Success Story, in www. novell. com, 8/11/2009 hotel-online. com, 8/11/2009 press. 1and1. co. uk, 7/11/2009 Twenty years on and 10 years after the Internet: The state of eTourism research, Dimitrios Buhalis Bournemouth University, Rob Law Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2008 How to cite Aviation Information Technology, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility of Toyota †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility of Toyota. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on evaluating the CSR activities of Toyota and aims to understand its link with sustainability practices. It also aims to understand the manner in which the CSR activities conducted by Toyota contribute in mutually serving the interests of the firm and the different stakeholders. The report would also aim to reflect in how sustainability is given potential importance or is highlighted as an effective goal in the CSR activities of Toyota. About Toyota Toyota or Toyota Motor Corporation operates as a multinational automobile organisation based in Toyota at Aichi in Japan. Along with automobile, Toyota conducts its business along other segments like finance, biotechnology and also in the production of renewable energy resources among other functions. Toyota conducts its automobile business in terms of developing its network with around 190 global nations. The main markets for Toyotas automobile business are based along the Asian, European, and Japanese and also along the North American economy. Different types of passenger vehicles, minivans and also other types of commercial vehicles like trucks with also automobile parts and accessories are designed and manufactured by the company. In terms of financial services, Toyota aims at providing financial support to both dealers and customers interested in purchasing the vehicles produced by the firm. Toyota in recent times has also ventured into other segments like housing and also into the telecommunication sector. It has also launched a web portal to help users in gaining needed automobile related information from Gazoo.com(Reuters , 2017). CSR Practices of Toyota Toyota since its very foundation has been continually striving for meeting the sustainable needs of its stakeholders and the society at large. It focuses on the development of both innovative and quality vehicles that meets the objectives of both environmental sustainability and customer satisfaction. Toyota lends an open ear in understanding the needs, expectations and aspirations of its customers and also of members of other local communities such that the products manufactured effectively meet the needs of the individual customers, greater society and also the natural environment. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy of the organisation is observed to act as an interpretation of the Guiding Principles of the firm aimed at sustaining effective relationship with its stakeholders(McIntosh Tanimoto, 2014). Toyota desires to operate as an organisation that is to be liked, admired and thereby trusted by the social members. It also aims to ensure that the internal members of the organisation acknowledge and act based on the CSR guidelines and policy. The CSR Policy of the firm is shared by Toyotasmanagement to its different subsidiaries such that the latter puts the policies into service and acts on such behalf. Toyota also expects the business partners of the firm to effectively embrace the spirit of the CSR Policy such that they tend to act on such basis. Toyota also participated in the formulation and development of the different standards outlined in the Charter of Corporate Behaviour of the Japanese Business Foundation. The foundation serves as an effective alliance of the different large Japanese Corporations(Toyota, 2016). The Preamble of the CSR Policy of Toyota focuses on enhancing the contribution for promoting sustainable development. Toyota Motor Corporation with all its different subsidiaries and business partners undertake a pledge for generating needed harmony and also in promoting sustainable development of both the social members and also of Mother earth in terms of the different activities conducted along diverse regions and countries based on the guiding principles of the firm. The CSR Policy of Toyota also mandates that the automobile company rightly fulfils the legislative and statutory requirements of diverse regional, local and international laws. It also aims in conducting the business operations with needed integrity and honesty(Basu, 2017). Further, Toyota also focuses on both building and sustaining effective relationship with its diverse stakeholder groups through the development of a fair and transparent communication system. The automobile company likely expects its other busines s partners to support the fairness and transparency of communications practiced at Toyota and also acts on such note(Toyota Global , 2012). The Seven Guiding Principles practiced at Toyota and also based on which the CSR Policy of the organisation is produced is reflected as under. An effective overview of the CSR activities conducted by Toyota is illustrated as follows. The CSR Committee was established by Toyota during October 2007 for helping in the effective coordination and promotion of CSR activities round the globe. Based on acting over the CSR Committee, Toyota had rendered different types of functions like ensuring of legal compliances, conducting of special contribution and also helped in promoting events and initiatives concerning environmental issues(Watkins, 2013). From 2015, increased focus is continually being undertaken by Toyotasmanagement in integrating the CSR approaches with themanagement functions of the firm and also for increasing of corporate value of the firm. Of late, the functions undertaken by the CSR Committee of the firm are transferred along two specific heads like the Corporate Planning and the Corporate Governance Meeting. The Corporate Planning Meeting is convened and conducted for discussing issues associated to growth and also for formulation of different business strategies while simultaneously focusing on the nee ds of the society(Toyota Global, 2016). The Governance Structure supervising the CSR activities conducted by Toyota is reflected as follows. CSR Practices for meeting Stakeholder Objectives Toyota focuses on effectively exceeding the expectations and needs of its customers and other stakeholder groups. It focuses on engaging the talent and also the passion of its diverse workforce for serving the needs of the society as outlined in the Global Vision of the organisation. The management of the automobile organisation focuses on listening to the needs and expectations of its diverse stakeholder groups and thereby responding in a proactive fashion. The following illustration effectively reflects the fashion in which Toyota meets different challenges pertaining to the different stakeholder groups. The management of the automobile company with the expansion of the company on a global scale was required to render needed care for improving the quality of life of the different social communities along regions where Toyota had set up its business. However, in cases where the interests between the Japanese and other global communities faced some conflicts the interest of the Japanese members were given greater priority(Toyota , 2016). Sustainability Practices at Toyota The sustainability activities of Toyota are diverse in nature. Toyota while operating along its main business line focuses on the development of environment friendly automobiles like hybrid cars and vehicles. Further, the company also contributes in the generation of different mechanisms for generating both active and passive safety to the customers. Similarly, Toyota also operates along other business or activity segments like biotechnology, renewable energy and also in areas like afforestation. Again, different initiatives are undertaken in the domain of environmental needs for contributing directly to the society. Toyota also promotes education to commuters regarding traffic and environmental safety such that the same contributes in the development of a healthier and environmentally aware happier society. During 2012, the sale of hybrid cars manufactured by Toyota is observed to reach the one millionth marks. Further, hybrid models were also developed for rear wheel vehicles that effectively meet the needs of both environmental performances while also contributes in generating greater output. Sustainable growth is focused on being rendered by Toyota in terms of developing effective vehicles, enriching the lives of different communities and social members finally through meeting of the Toyota Values(Toyota, 2016). The sustainable growth mechanism for Toyota is illustrated as follows. Further, in terms of sustainability Toyota focuses on addressing six key challenges that are outlined as under. -Toyota aims at reducing the level of Carbon Dioxide emissions by around 90 percent towards the end of 2050. -It aims at reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions along its production, logistics, disposal of waste and finally along its recycled segment -Toyota focuses on reducing the level of carbon dioxide emissions through the introduction and incorporation of effective technologies and also through the avid exploration and adapting of renewable energy sources. -The automobile company focuses on reducing the wastage of water resources while also contributes in purifying the used water before returning the same to earth. -Toyota also focuses on generating recycled products and aims in the development of a recycling-based social communities. -Finally, Toyota aims at developing an effective harmony between people resources, the automobile firm and the environment at large(Toyota, 2017). Conclusions The report reflects that sustainability is considered as a primary objective in the CSR activities of Toyota. It also reflects the manner in which the CSR activities conducted by Toyota rightly contribute in meeting the needs of diverse stakeholders while also highlighting the issue of conflicts regarding stakeholder interests. Information is gained through consulting different sustainability and CSR reports of Toyota such that different diagrams are incorporated for elucidation purposes References Basu, S. (2017). Corporate Purpose: Why It Matters More Than Strategy. New York : Taylor and Francis. McIntosh, M., Tanimoto, K. (2014). Japanese Approaches to CSR: A Special Theme Issue of The Journal of Corporate Citizenship (Issue 56). United Kingdom : Greenleaf Publishing . Reuters . (2017). Toyota Motor Corp (TM). Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/TM Toyota . (2016). Stakeholder Engagement . Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/society/stakeholder/ Toyota. (2016). CSR Basic Philosophy. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr/csr/ Toyota. (2017). Environment . Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environment/ Toyota Global . (2012). Toyota's CSR Initiatives . Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/report/archive/sr13/pdf/sr13_p06_p07.pdf Toyota Global. (2016). Corporate Principles . Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr/csr/sdb16_01_en.pdf Toyota. (2016). Sustainability Data Book 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr/csr/sdb16_01_en.pdf Watkins, D. B. (2013). Where's My Dog? the Search for Honest Leadership. United States : David B. Watkins